Confirmatory primary and exploratory secondary analyses using a log-link Poisson mixed model with normal nested random intercepts of observation year in road segment, involved species, and variables of the road segment and the surrounding environment showed that reflectors did not lower the number of wildlife-vehicle collisions by a relevant amount. During the 24-month study period, 1984 wildlife-vehicle collisions were recorded. We analyzed wildlife-vehicle collisions on 151 testing sites of approximately 2 km in length each. We used a prospective, randomized non-superiority cross-over study design to test our hypothesis of the inefficacy of modern wildlife warning reflectors. However, their efficacy is questioned because of contradictory study results and the variety of applied study designs and reflector models. One such measure, wildlife warning reflectors, has been implemented over the past five decades. A variety of mitigation measures have been developed over the past decades to separate traffic and wildlife, warn humans, or prevent wildlife from entering a road while vehicles are passing by, but only few are economical enough to be applied comprehensively. Wildlife-vehicle collisions cause human fatalities and enormous economic and ecological losses on roads worldwide.
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